In technical terms, it is inflammatory periodontitis.
Periodontitis and periimplantitis are infectious diseases caused by a specific group of bacteria. These marker germs actively destroy periodontal soft and bone tissue, leading to massive inflammatory reactions and ultimately to the loss of natural teeth and implants.
Targeted control of these bacteria is essential for successful long-term therapy.
Periodontitis, like gingivitis, is triggered by bacterial plaque, a tenaciously adhering biofilm.
The main distinguishing feature is the bone resorption present in periodontitis, which can be detected radiographically, while the deepened gingival pockets in gingivitis are caused by the inflammatory swelling of the gingiva. Long-lasting gingivitis (inflammation of the gums) can spread to the jawbone, the root membrane and the cementum. However, the transition is not inevitable, especially in children and adolescents gingivitis can persist for months and years without spreading to other structures.
The exact mechanisms are not fully understood yet. In both gingivitis and periodontitis, bacterial metabolites and decay products are released from the biofilm, triggering defense reactions by the body.
The main role in the tissue destruction itself is played by the body's own immune system, which attempts to eliminate the bacteria.
This immune response consists of a diverse sequence of reactions and actions involving various inflammatory substances and cells. Among other things, enzymes are produced to destroy the bacteria, but they also lead to the destruction of the patient's own tissue. This ultimately leads to the loss of connective tissue and bone.
The result of the reaction to the bacteria is bleeding gums, pocket formation, receding gums and finally loosening and loss of teeth.